Team Magma

Leonard Bloomfield

·         Mentalism and behaviourism  (thinking/acting)
a: outside speakers  (person speaking)
b: inside speakers (inner speech)
c: speech (speaking in public)

·         Linguistics is Talk about language
a, b and c are different but related

·         Old and new language about language
since we use a in c to describe a, b and c it is very difficult to know which information should be taken into consideration, taking b to c using a means we are only using a in c.

·         Subjective talk about language
b is expressed in ac but b was a reaction to ac

·         Objective talk about language
a expresses a by meanings of c:   a-c->a
b is an isolated factor that is only affected by c:  c->b

·         Language as response
diversity of speech means diversity of conditioning-histories

Mentalism is dualistic, recognizes mental and material data behaviorism only recognizes material data.

·         Leonard Bloomfield
presented his ideas in front of the linguistic society of America in his book 1933 Language.

·         The study, use and spread of language
Bloomfield said that the empirical science of language should study a real rather than a fancied object

·         The phoneme
can be described empirically (Phonetics deal with that)

·         Presuppositions
In every speech community some utterances are alike in form or meaning and we must act as though science had established the situations (causes) and responses (effects) that make up these meanings.

·         Phonetic Basis
kind of basis which may be modified
modifications presumes some standard
duration, stress, pitch, verbalization, labioverbalization and transition

·         Contrasts
it is differencess that matter

·         Meaning
reference:  c -> a (mediated by b):   c-b->a
sense: is a +- match among society-sense, speaker-sense and hearer-sense

·         Bloomfield on meanings
we can define names, most of this names are variations of scientific classifications

·         Basic and Modified Meaning
the meaning of a morpheme is a sememe, the meaning of an entire sentence can be changed by order, modulation, phonetic modification and selection of form combinations. A simple feature of grammatical arrangement is a taxeme; meaningful units of grammatical form are tagmemes and their meanings are called episememes (none of this words survived though).

·         Order
is the most important in languages

·         Parts of speech
some languages show a smaller number, seaming not parts but just sentences (like in Chinese)

·         Valid
logical representation of some familiar structure in language

·         Correct
truth is not popularly distinguished from validity, but validity can be viewed as subsuming true and correct

·         Suggestive symbols
formulations using parentheses and various kind of brackets

·         Dialects geography
speech-communities: both dialect and genetic relationship become clearer on a stimulus-response view of geographic and social contiguity

·         Borrowing
cultural contact, influence and evaluation

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